Environmental engineering lab manual pdf free download

What forms the basis for colorimetric determination? What is photoelectric colorimeter? What are filters? Why are they used? What is wave length? What is frequency? What is wave number? What is calibration curve? What is meant by transmittance? Mention a few important criteria for satisfactory colorimetric analysis. Mention a few advantages of photoelectric colorimetric determination.

What is Blank solution? Why is ammonia added? Why is that same amount of ammonia added? Why is estimation of copper done at nm wave length? What is conductance? What is the unit of conductance? Mention the different types of conductivities.

Which of the above conductivity measured during conductometric titration? What is specific conductivity? What is equivalent conductivity? What is molar conductivity? What is a cell? What is the principle involved in conductometric titration? How is the accuracy of the method determined? What are the advantages of conductometric titration over visual or potentiometric titration? What is viscosity? What is viscosity-coefficient of a liquid? What is density of a liquid? What is specific gravity?

How are specific gravity and density related? What is SI unit of viscosity-coefficient? What are the factors that affect the viscosity of a liquid? How does the viscosity vary with temperature? Why is acetone used for cleaning viscometer? WasteWater Treatment Disposal.

Activated Sludge Systems. Wastewater Microbiology. Irrigation Engineering. Crop Water Requirements. Hydraulic Structures. Components of Weir. Civil Engineering Tutorials. Diversity and Inclusion. Management Skills. IT Management. Communication Skills. Presentation Skills. Writing Skills. Project Management. Team Management. MS Excel. MS PowerPoint. MS Word.

Other MS Office Programs. Human Resource Management. Career Management. Corporate Finance. Complex functions. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Uploaded by Santosh Kumar. Prepared by Mr. Original Title Lab. Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Save Save Lab. Manual on Environmental Engineering Water an For Later.

Original Title: Lab. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. List of Experiments for Environmental Engg. Nitttr Environmental Engineering and public health lab Manual. Viva Questions for Transportation Engineering Lab. Jump to Page.

Search inside document. Documents Similar To Lab. Azaz Ahmed. Ramaswamy Koodalloor Parasuraman. Azzam Kaka. Santosh Kumar. Archana Rajan. Arun Pugal. Fi Fa. Naj Nasir. Muhd Fadzril. Hassan Ahmed Syed.

 
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Anna University Regulation Civil (CIVIL) CE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB Manual for all experiments is provided below. Download link for CIVIL 6th SEM CE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Laboratory Manual is listed down for students to make perfect utilization and score maximum marks with our study materials. LAB MANUALS for Subject Wise in Engineering Questions and answers pdf free download,Class Notes,lab viva,online quiz,mcqs JNTUH,JNTU-KAKINADA Skip to content Engineering interview questions,Mcqs,Objective Questions,Class Notes,Seminor topics,Lab Viva Pdf free download. This laboratory manual contains the details of the laboratory experiment as per the curriculum of under JNTU. The laboratory manual helps the student to understand the aim and then procedure Further the student will also come to know the application of this laboratory in future endeavoring civil engineering projects.
 
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Environmental engineering lab manual pdf free download

Bicarbonates represent the major form of alkalinity since they are formed in considerable amounts from the action of carbon dioxide upon basic materials in the soil. Under certain conditions natural water may contain appreciable amount of carbon and hydroxide alkalinity. Chemically treated water, particularly those produced in lime or lime soda ash softening of water, contain carbonates and excess hydroxide. Thus it is obvious that alkalinity is caused by three major classes of materials may be ranked in order of their effect on pH as hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates and other salts of weak acids.

Alkalinity is determined by titration with a standard with a standard solution of a strong acid to certain end points as given by indicator solutions. Phenolphthalein is satisfactory indicator for the first end point pH approx 8. Methyl orange is used for the second end point pH approx 4. The phenolphthalein end point of titration is defined as P alkalinity and the end point observed by continuing the titration with same solution using methyl orange indicator is known as total or T-alkalinity.

Total or methyl orange alkalinity Add two drops of methyl orange indicator to the same sample in which phenolphthalein alkalinity has been determine previously and titrate with 0. Table for phenolphthalein alkalinity S. Table for methyl orange alkalinity Volume of sample S. Total alkalinity due to bicarbonate is got by using methyl orange indicator it comes OH- ion is mainly responsible for alkalinity. Due to only OH- ion alkalinity has range of pH 8.

If insufficient alkalinity is present to react with all the alum, coagulation will be incomplete and soluble alum will be left in the water. It may therefore, be necessary to add alkalinity in the form of soda ash or lime to complete the coagulation or to maintain sufficient alkalinity to prevent the coagulated water fro being corrosive.

Ordinarily the total alkalinity determined with methyl orange indicator; gives sufficient information for the control of coagulation and corrosion prevention when pH is also determined. Many regulatory agencies prohibit the discharge of waste containing caustic alkalinity to receiving water. Municipal authorities usually prohibit discharge of waste containing caustic alkalinity to sewers.

Alkalinity as well as pH is an important factor in determining the amenability of waste water to biological treatment. Lastly from public health point of view, alkaline water is usually unpalatable and consumer tends to seek other supplies Chemically treated water some time have rather pH values, which have met with some objections on the part of consumers. For these reasons, standards are some times established on chemically treated water. Where biological processes of treatment are used the pH must ordinarily be maintained within the range of 6 to 9.

This criterion often requires adjustment of pH to favorable levels and calculations of the amount of chemical needed is based upon acidity values in most cases. The sources which contribute most of the increase of chlorides in natural water are: i ii iii iv v Due to the formation of minute salt crystals resulting from evaporation of ocean water and then its spraying over inland areas.

Due to the solvent power of water which dissolves chlorides from top soil and deeper formations. Due to sea water intermixing with river water and due to over pumping that causes sea water intrusion in group water.

Due to discharge of sewage effluents in surface water as the chloride content of urine are about 6gms. Due to discharge of industrial wastes in surface sources or due to seepage in ground water.

Adjust the pH of sample between 7. Take 50 ml well mixed sample adjusted to pH 7. Note initial burette reading. Note final burette reading. Repeat the procedure till the concurrent readings are obtained. Determine the blank reading with the same procedure using distilled water. Tap water 1. Distilled water 1. Thus at last end point comes brick red precipitate. Presence of chlorides above the usual background concentration water source is also used as an indicator for pollution by domestic sewage.

Before the development of bacteriological testing procedures, chemical tests for chloride and for nitrogen, in its various forms, served as the basis of detecting contamination of ground water by sewage. Chlorides are used to some extent as tracers in sanitary engineering practices.

Where brackish water has to be used for domestic purposes, the amount of chlorides present in the source is an important factor in determining the type of desalting apparatus to be used.

The chloride determination is used to control pumping of ground water from locations where intrusion of sea water is a problem. THEORY Water that consumes considerable quantity of soap to produce lather and or produces scale in hot-water pipes, heater, boilers and utensils used for cooking is called hard water. Harness is caused by divalent metallic anions that are capable of reacting with soap to form precipitates with cations present in water to form scale. Calcium and magnesium are primarily the constituents of chalk and limestone.

When rain falls it takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and forms a weak acid and this percolates underground, it then dissolves calcium and magnesium forming hard water.

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Right now there are no fixed timings for study. There is no question of waiting-time for new editions. Learn Calculus 2 on Your Mobile Device. Biomass Properties and Fire Prediction Tools. Atmospheric Pollution. Industrial enzymes. Thermal Processing of Waste. Anthracite Coals: An Overview. A Wetter Look at Climate Change. Bituminous Coals: Nature and Utilisation. Energy supply in the earlier industrial era. Sub-bituminous Coals: An Overview. Fuel usage of peat in industrial times.

The Gulf Coast Oil Spill. Welcome to Bookboon In order to provide our services we rely on a series of essential cookies to access our features. Accept and Continue. Environmental Engineering books The free eBooks in this category offer a study of environmental engineering.

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Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual –

 
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THEORY Alkalinity is the measure of the basic constituents of water and is defined the capacity of a solution to neutralize a standard acid. In natural water it is usually present as the carbonate and bicarbonate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Bicarbonates represent the major form of alkalinity since they are formed in considerable amounts from the action of carbon dioxide upon basic materials in the soil.

Under certain conditions natural water may contain appreciable amount of carbon and hydroxide alkalinity. Chemically treated water, particularly those produced in lime or lime soda ash softening of water, contain carbonates and excess hydroxide. Thus it is obvious that alkalinity is caused by three major classes of materials may be ranked in order of their effect on pH as hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates and other salts of weak acids.

Alkalinity is determined by titration with a standard with a standard solution of a strong acid to certain end points as given by indicator solutions. Phenolphthalein is satisfactory indicator for the first end point pH approx 8. Methyl orange is used for the second end point pH approx 4. The phenolphthalein end point of titration is defined as P alkalinity and the end point observed by continuing the titration with same solution using methyl orange indicator is known as total or T-alkalinity.

Total or methyl orange alkalinity Add two drops of methyl orange indicator to the same sample in which phenolphthalein alkalinity has been determine previously and titrate with 0. Table for phenolphthalein alkalinity S. Table for methyl orange alkalinity Volume of sample S. Total alkalinity due to bicarbonate is got by using methyl orange indicator it comes OH- ion is mainly responsible for alkalinity.

Due to only OH- ion alkalinity has range of pH 8. If insufficient alkalinity is present to react with all the alum, coagulation will be incomplete and soluble alum will be left in the water.

It may therefore, be necessary to add alkalinity in the form of soda ash or lime to complete the coagulation or to maintain sufficient alkalinity to prevent the coagulated water fro being corrosive. Ordinarily the total alkalinity determined with methyl orange indicator; gives sufficient information for the control of coagulation and corrosion prevention when pH is also determined. Many regulatory agencies prohibit the discharge of waste containing caustic alkalinity to receiving water.

Municipal authorities usually prohibit discharge of waste containing caustic alkalinity to sewers. Alkalinity as well as pH is an important factor in determining the amenability of waste water to biological treatment. Lastly from public health point of view, alkaline water is usually unpalatable and consumer tends to seek other supplies Chemically treated water some time have rather pH values, which have met with some objections on the part of consumers.

For these reasons, standards are some times established on chemically treated water. Where biological processes of treatment are used the pH must ordinarily be maintained within the range of 6 to 9.

This criterion often requires adjustment of pH to favorable levels and calculations of the amount of chemical needed is based upon acidity values in most cases. The sources which contribute most of the increase of chlorides in natural water are: i ii iii iv v Due to the formation of minute salt crystals resulting from evaporation of ocean water and then its spraying over inland areas. Due to the solvent power of water which dissolves chlorides from top soil and deeper formations.

Due to sea water intermixing with river water and due to over pumping that causes sea water intrusion in group water. Due to discharge of sewage effluents in surface water as the chloride content of urine are about 6gms. Due to discharge of industrial wastes in surface sources or due to seepage in ground water. Adjust the pH of sample between 7. Take 50 ml well mixed sample adjusted to pH 7. Note initial burette reading. Note final burette reading.

Repeat the procedure till the concurrent readings are obtained. Determine the blank reading with the same procedure using distilled water. Tap water 1. Distilled water 1. Thus at last end point comes brick red precipitate. Presence of chlorides above the usual background concentration water source is also used as an indicator for pollution by domestic sewage. Before the development of bacteriological testing procedures, chemical tests for chloride and for nitrogen, in its various forms, served as the basis of detecting contamination of ground water by sewage.

Chlorides are used to some extent as tracers in sanitary engineering practices. Where brackish water has to be used for domestic purposes, the amount of chlorides present in the source is an important factor in determining the type of desalting apparatus to be used. The chloride determination is used to control pumping of ground water from locations where intrusion of sea water is a problem.

THEORY Water that consumes considerable quantity of soap to produce lather and or produces scale in hot-water pipes, heater, boilers and utensils used for cooking is called hard water. Harness is caused by divalent metallic anions that are capable of reacting with soap to form precipitates with cations present in water to form scale. Calcium and magnesium are primarily the constituents of chalk and limestone.

When rain falls it takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and forms a weak acid and this percolates underground, it then dissolves calcium and magnesium forming hard water. IN general hard water originates in the areas where the topsoil is thick and limestone formations are present.

Soft water originates in areas where the topsoil is thin and limestone is either sparse or absent. The scale of hardness from consumers point of view may be taken as below: 0 50 Over 50 ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Soft Moderately soft Slightly hard Moderately hard Hard. Hardness may be classified as: a Carbonate and non carbonate hardness b Calcium and magnesium hardness, and c Temporary and permanent hardness.

Also Ca and Mg form a weak complex with the indicator Eriochrome black T, which has wine red color. During titration when all free hardness ions are complexed by Eriochrom black T indicator end point. At higher pH i. Rinse burette, pipette, and flask, etc. Take 25 or 50 ml of well-mixed sample in a flask. Add ml buffer solution followed by 1 ml inhibitor. Note down the volume of EDTA required.

Take 25 ml of sample in a flask. Note initial burette readings. Titrate with EDTA till pink colour changes to purple. Note the final burette readings. Repeat the procedure for other sample s till concurrent readings are obtained. Take ml of sample , add 1. Mix the solution and allow it to stand for two hours or overnight if possible. Filter , using a No. Pipette out 25 ml from the filtered solution and add Eriochrome black tT indicator drops and titrate with EDTA solution till the colour changes from wine red to blue.

Take two concurrent readings. The design of softening process depends upon the relative amounts of carbonate and non-carbonate hardness present in water.

The amount of calcium and magnesium hardness decides the suitability of water for boiler use. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Uploaded by Santosh Kumar. Prepared by Mr. Original Title Lab. Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate?

Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Save Save Lab. Manual on Environmental Engineering Water an For Later. Original Title: Lab. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. List of Experiments for Environmental Engg. Nitttr Environmental Engineering and public health lab Manual. Viva Questions for Transportation Engineering Lab. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Documents Similar To Lab.